11th Geography NCERT Chapter 2
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– Evolution of Atmosphere and Hydrosphere: Covers the composition and structure of the earth's atmosphere, including the three stages in its evolution and the contribution of the living world through photosynthesis.
– Origin and Evolution of Life: Discusses the origin of life as a chemical reaction and the evolution of life from unicellular bacteria to modern man.
– Origin and Evolution of the Earth: Explores the origin of the earth, early theories like the Nebular Hypothesis, modern theories like the Big Bang Theory, and the evolution of the universe.
– Evolution of Lithosphere: Describes the development of the earth's layered structure and the evolution of the lithosphere leading to the formation of the outer surface in the form of a crust .
What is the main contribution to the present composition of Earth's atmosphere?
nitrogen and oxygen
What were the gases that the early atmosphere largely contained?
water vapour, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia and very little of free oxygen
How do scientists refer to the origin of life and what is the process involved?
Chemical reaction; first generated complex organic molecules and assembled them in a way that could duplicate themselves converting inanimate matter into living substance
What is the 'Big Bang Theory' and how does it explain the development of the universe?
The 'Big Bang Theory' explains the development of the universe by proposing that all matter initially existed in one place in the form of a 'tiny ball' with infinite temperature and infinite density, which then exploded violently leading to the formation of clumps of gas, further evolving into denser gaseous bodies including stars.
Describe the stages in the formation of planets as mentioned in the chapter.
Formation begins with a core to the gas cloud and a rotating disc of gas and dust developing around it, followed by condensation of the gas cloud into small rounded objects (planetesimals) which then collide and accrete to form larger bodies in the form of planets.
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