11th Biology Chapter 12

1. Do Plants Breathe?

– Explains the mechanism of gaseous exchange in plants through stomata and lenticels, emphasizing the absence of specialized breathing organs in plants, which manage respiratory needs autonomously at the cellular level【4:0†source】.

2. Glycolysis

– Describes the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid through a series of enzyme-driven reactions in the cytoplasm, a pivotal process in cellular respiration across all life forms【4:7†source】.

3. Fermentation

– Covers anaerobic respiration pathways, such as alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation, and their implications for energy release compared to aerobic processes【4:12†source】.

4. Aerobic Respiration

– Discusses the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid in the mitochondria to CO2 and water, detailing the Krebs cycle and the Electron Transport Chain involvement in energy production【4:11†source】.

5. The Respiratory Balance Sheet

– Explains the net gain calculations of ATP during glucose oxidation in respiration, highlighting differences in theoretical and actual yield due to cellular conditions【4:1†source】.

6. Amphibolic Pathway

– Describes how the respiratory pathway serves dual functions in metabolism, both anabolic and catabolic, underscoring its central role in cellular physiology【4:16†source】.

7. Respiratory Quotient

– Defines the respiratory quotient (RQ) and explores its variation with different substrates such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, providing insights into metabolic respiratory efficiency【4:9†source】.