11th Biology Chapter 16
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Human Excretory System
Overview of the structures and functions of the human excretory system, focusing on the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra【4:1†source】.
Urine Formation
Explanation of the three main processes in urine formation: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, which occur at different parts of the nephron【4:3†source】.
Function of the Tubules
Details on the roles of various sections of the renal tubule including the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule in urine formation【4:6†source】.
Mechanism of Concentration of the Filtrate
Describes how the counter current mechanism between the Henle’s loop and the vasa recta helps in concentrating the urine【4:4†source】.
Regulation of Kidney Function
Discusses how kidney function is regulated through hormonal feedback involving the hypothalamus, JGA, and heart, and the roles of ADH and aldosterone【4:5†source】.
Micturition
Description of the process of urine storage and release, and the neural mechanism involved in micturition【4:6†source】.
Role of Other Organs in Excretion
Discusses the excretory roles of lungs, liver, and skin in the removal of metabolic wastes【4:8†source】.
Disorders of the Excretory System
Outlines common disorders like renal calculi and glomerulonephritis, and treatment methods such as hemodialysis【4:8†source】.
What are the three main processes involved in urine formation?
The three main processes involved in urine formation are glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy individual?
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy individual is approximately 125 ml/minute, which equates to about 180 liters per day.
Explain the significance of Henle's loop in the maintenance of high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid.
Henle's loop facilitates the maintenance of high osmolarity in the medullary interstitial fluid by making its descending limb permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes, and its ascending limb impermeable to water but allowing the transport of electrolytes.
Describe the role of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) in the maintenance of pH and sodium-potassium balance in blood.
The DCT is responsible for the conditional reabsorption of Na+ and water, and selective secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions and ammonia, helping to maintain the pH and sodium-potassium balance in the blood.
What is the counter current mechanism and how does it contribute to water conservation in mammals?
The counter current mechanism involves the opposite direction of flow of blood and filtrate in the limbs of Henle's loop and vasa recta. This unique arrangement maintains a high osmolarity gradient from the renal cortex to the inner medulla, facilitating the passive reabsorption of water from the collecting duct, thus conserving water.
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