11th Biology Chapter 19
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– Special chemicals act as hormones regulating metabolism, growth, and development of organs in the human body. The endocrine system includes various glands like hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus, and gonads, among others【4:1†source】.
– Hormones interact with membrane-bound receptors to generate second messengers or interact with intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression and chromosome function, leading to physiological and developmental effects【4:1†source】.
– The human endocrine system consists of organs like the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus, gonads, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, heart, and some other organs producing hormones for various functions in the body【4:2†source】.
Define an exocrine gland.
Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products into ducts which open to the external environment or into body cavities.
List the hormones secreted by the thymus gland and mention their functions.
The thymus gland secretes thymosins which play a major role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes for cell-mediated immunity. Thymosins also increase the production of antibodies for humoral immunity.
Write short notes on the functions of insulin and glucagon.
Insulin stimulates cellular glucose uptake and utilization, as well as glycogenesis leading to hypoglycemia. Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis resulting in hyperglycemia.
Give an example of a progestational hormone and mention its role.
An example of a progestational hormone is progesterone. Progesterone plays a major role in the maintenance of pregnancy, mammary gland development, and lactation.
Which hormonal deficiency is responsible for diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes mellitus is primarily caused by the deficiency of insulin and/or insulin resistance.
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