11th Biology Chapter 16
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Human Excretory System
Overview of the structures and functions of the human excretory system, focusing on the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra【4:1†source】.
Urine Formation
Explanation of the three main processes in urine formation: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, which occur at different parts of the nephron【4:3†source】.
Function of the Tubules
Details on the roles of various sections of the renal tubule including the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule in urine formation【4:6†source】.
Mechanism of Concentration of the Filtrate
Describes how the counter current mechanism between the Henle’s loop and the vasa recta helps in concentrating the urine【4:4†source】.
Regulation of Kidney Function
Discusses how kidney function is regulated through hormonal feedback involving the hypothalamus, JGA, and heart, and the roles of ADH and aldosterone【4:5†source】.
Micturition
Description of the process of urine storage and release, and the neural mechanism involved in micturition【4:6†source】.
Role of Other Organs in Excretion
Discusses the excretory roles of lungs, liver, and skin in the removal of metabolic wastes【4:8†source】.
Disorders of the Excretory System
Outlines common disorders like renal calculi and glomerulonephritis, and treatment methods such as hemodialysis【4:8†source】.
What are the three main processes involved in urine formation?
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy individual?
Explain the significance of Henle's loop in the maintenance of high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid.
Describe the role of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) in the maintenance of pH and sodium-potassium balance in blood.
What is the counter current mechanism and how does it contribute to water conservation in mammals?
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