11th Biology Chapter 3

1. Algae

Algae are largely aquatic, simple, chlorophyll-bearing plants that are autotrophic and thalloid. They include varieties like the filamentous Spirogyra and colonial Volvox【4:0†source】.

2. Bryophytes

Bryophytes, often referred to as the amphibians of the plant kingdom, largely thrive in moist environments. They are dependent on water for sexual reproduction and play an important role in ecological succession on bare rocks/soil【4:8†source】.

3. Pteridophytes

Pteridophytes include ferns and horsetails and are the earliest known vascular plants. They usually inhabit cool, damp places and are significant for their evolutionary introduction of vascular systems, which include xylem and phloem【4:1†source】.

4. Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants where the ovules are not enclosed in an ovary; post-fertilization, the seeds remain exposed. Notable examples include pines and cycads, which are adapted to a broad range of environments including soil conservation and ornamental use【4:3†source】.

5. Angiosperms

Angiosperms, or flowering plants, include the vast majority of plants and are pivotal in most ecosystems. They form flowers and have seeds enclosed in fruits, coming in a great diversity from grasses to large trees, providing critical resources like food and timber【4:9†source】.