11th NCERT Political Science Chapter 5

Rights are claimed based on conditions collectively seen as a source of self-respect and dignity, necessary for leading a life of respect and dignity. They are important because they represent conditions necessary for self-respect and dignity, and are considered essential for a life of respect and dignity. These rights are necessary for human beings to pursue their talents, interests, and well-being.

Some rights are considered universal because they are necessary for all human beings in society to lead a life of respect, dignity, and well-being. Three universal rights could include the right to livelihood, freedom of expression, and the right to education. The right to livelihood ensures economic independence and dignity, freedom of expression enables creativity and democratic values, and the right to education develops reasoning and skills for informed choices in life, making them essential for all individuals.

In today's context, new rights claims include advocating for the rights of tribal people to protect their habitat and traditional way of life. Another example of modern rights claims could be the rights of children against bonded labor. These reflect evolving societal concerns and emphasize the importance of addressing contemporary issues through the lens of rights.

Political rights involve participation in decision-making processes, such as the right to vote and form political parties. Economic rights include the right to work, education, and healthcare for overall well-being. Cultural rights focus on preserving cultural identity and traditions, such as the right to language and cultural practices.

Rights constrain the actions of the state by specifying what the state must do and what it must refrain from doing. For example, the right to life obliges the state to protect individuals from harm and punish offenders. Similarly, the right to liberty prohibits arbitrary arrests and requires legal justifications for restricting personal freedom. Rights ensure that state authority is exercised within defined boundaries to protect individual life, liberty, and well-being.