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9th Social Science NCERT India and the Contemporary World-1 Chapter 2

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1. Liberals, Radicals, and Conservatives:

– Liberals aimed for a tolerant nation supporting all religions, advocating for a representative parliamentary government with limited voting rights based on property ownership, excluding women from voting rights.

– Radicals sought majority-based governance, supported women's suffrage, and opposed concentration of wealth in the hands of a few.

– Conservatives, though initially resistant to change, accepted the need for some change in the nineteenth century but preferred gradual transformation respecting the past.

2. Industrial Society and Social Change:

– Industrialization led to profound social and economic changes with long work hours, poor wages, and housing/sanitation issues.

– Liberals and radicals, often property owners themselves, believed in individual effort, labor, and enterprise to drive societal development and sought solutions to improve working conditions【4:0†source】.

What were the social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905?

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In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917?

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Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?

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What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?

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Write a few lines to show what you know about kulaks, the Duma, women workers between 1900 and 1930, the Liberals, and Stalin’s collectivisation programme.

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